September 3, 2010

10 Reasons to Create an Estate Plan Now

Many people think that estate plans are for someone else, not them. They may rationalize that they are too young or don’t have enough money to reap the tax benefits of a plan. But as the following list makes clear, estate planning is for everyone, regardless of age or net worth.

1. Loss of capacity. What if you become incompetent and unable to manage your own affairs? Without a plan the courts will select the person to manage your affairs. With a plan, you pick that person through a power of attorney.

2. Minor children. Who will raise your children if you die? Without a plan, a court will make this decision. With a plan, you are able to nominate the guardian of your choice.

3. Dying without a will. Who will inherit your assets? Without a plan, your assets pass to your heirs according to Illinois intestacy law. Your family members (and perhaps not the ones you would choose) will receive your assets without benefit of your direction or of trust protection. With a plan, you decide who gets your assets and when and how they receive them.

4. Blended families. What if your family is the result of multiple marriages? Without a plan, children from different marriages may not be treated as you would wish. With a plan, you determine what goes to your current spouse and to the children from a prior marriage or marriages.

5. Children with special needs. Without a plan, a child with special needs risks being disqualified from receiving Medicaid or SSI benefits, and may have to use his or her inheritance to pay for health care. With a plan, you can set up a Supplemental Needs Trust that will allow the child to remain eligible for government benefits while using the trust assets to pay for non-covered expenses.

6. Keeping assets in the family. Would you prefer that your assets stay in your own family? Without a plan, your child’s spouse may windup with your money if your child passes away prematurely. If your child divorces his current spouse, half of your assets could go to the spouse. With a plan, you can set up a trust that ensures that your assets will stay in your family and, for example, pass to your grandchildren.

7. Financial security. Will your spouse and children be able to survive financially? Without a plan and the income replacement provided by life insurance, your family may be unable to maintain its current living standard. With a plan, life insurance can mean that your family will enjoy financial security.

8. Retirement accounts. Do you have an IRA or similar retirement account? Without a plan, your designated beneficiary for the retirement account funds may not reflect your current wishes and may result in burdensome tax consequences for your heirs. With a plan, you choose who will own and control the business after you are gone.

9. Business ownership. Do you own a business? Without a plan, you don’t name a successor, thus risking that your family could lose control of the business. With a plan, you choose who will own and control the business after you are gone.

10. Avoiding probate. Without a plan, your estate may be subject to delays and excess fees, and your assets will be a matter of public record. With a plan, you can structure things so that probate can be avoided entirely.

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August 13, 2010

Estate Planning and Continuing-Care Communities

Continuing-Care Retirement Communities (CCRC) offer comfortable living for older individuals and include the availability of fine dining, health clubs and on-site long-term health care.

Risks to consider are whether the CCRC might fail due to loss of membership. In the case of failure, residents can lose all or part of their entrance fee. The average entrance fee is about $250,000.

Two web sites which offer information about retirement communities and their financial stability are CARF International and The American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging.

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July 7, 2010

Common Terminology Concerning Older Adult Resources

Elder Law Attorney
An Elder Law Attorney is uniquely qualified to guide you through the complex maze of public entitlements, estate and trust planning, tax law, probate, incapacity planning and nursing home rights.

Home Care
Home Care encompasses a wide range of health and social services delivered at home. These services include skilled nursing care, rehabilitative care, custodial care, hospice and housekeeping services. In the appropriate case, services in the home can be supplemented by community services such as adult day care, where a person can be picked up and brought to an adult center for supervision, recreation, meals and community. Certified health care agencies, hospice, home care aide agencies, private agencies and individuals can provide home health care services.

Life Care Communities
Residents in Life Care Communities are offered a full range of housing options from independent living to assisted living to a full-service nursing home, in order to accommodate changing medical and custodial needs. This option is excellent for those who “sign up” before there is ever a diagnosis of illness and who can afford the private pay expense.


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June 1, 2010

Common Terminology Concerning Older Adult Resources

Adult Day Care
Adults with mental or physical limitations can spend the day in a supervised environment that offers recreation, meals and other services. Having a safe place for the ailing person to go can provide the care giving family member with much needed respite.
Transportation to and from the site is usually provided.

Geriatric Care Manager
This professional, often a social worker, registered nurse or psychologist, coordinates the services that help people remain in their homes for as long as possible. They are equipped to assess the needs of the elderly; arrange for services; review legal, financial and medical issues to avoid problems and unnecessary expenses; coordinate the various government, private and community services available; offer counseling; and act as liaison for distant families.

Reverse Mortgage
This allows senior citizens who are house rich and cash poor to obtain a loan based on the equity in their home. They retain title to their home as long as they continue to live there and receive nontaxable income. With the terms of most mortgages, the loan, interest and other costs do not have to be paid back until the owner vacates the property through a move or death. Almost all reverse mortgages provide a guarantee of lifetime tenancy. Most reverse mortgages are a nonrecourse loan that means the lender can look only to the value of the home for repayment.


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May 26, 2010

Checklist to Leave with Your Will

Leaving those who survive you an organized estate with accurate records will save time and money.

At a minimum, leave information regarding the following in a place where your heirs can easily find it:

• Your personal history including names, addresses and telephone numbers for yourself and all of your current family members and family members from previous marriages;
• Your military service including your branch and dates of service;
• Your employment including present employer and employment benefits (life insurance, stock options, pension plans and contact information for each);
• Real estate you own including copies of deeds;
• Financial accounts including name of institution and account numbers;
• Stocks and bonds held in brokerage accounts and the name and phone number for the brokerage firm;
• Automobile make, model and year and location of title and any loan information;
• Business interests including type and amount of ownership
• Safe-deposit boxes
• Insurance policies
• Funeral/Burial instructions
• Tax returns
• Wills
• Trusts
• Power of Attorney for Property
• Power of Attorney for Health Care
• Living Will
• Name and phone number for your lawyer, accountant and doctor
• Important friends to notify upon your death.


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May 19, 2010

Illinois Virtual Representation Statute

Effective January 1, 2010, Illinois enacted its Virtual Representation Statute which enlarges the circumstances under which a trustee and certain beneficiaries can modify an irrevocable trust by nonjudicial agreement. This modification can be made without the expense of going to court.

The Virtual Representation Statute does two things. It greatly expands the application of virtual representation, under which certain beneficiaries who are adults with capacity can represent other beneficiaries, including minors, unborn children, disabled beneficiaries and beneficiaries with remote contingent interests. Also, it expands and clarifies the matters that can be resolved by the interested parties in a trust through nonjudicial agreement.

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April 28, 2010

No Contest Clauses in Illinois Wills

A No Contest Clause (a/k/a in terrorem clause) is used in wills to prevent a beneficiary from challenging provisions in a will. A beneficiary may seek to increase the amount he is to be given under a will by challenging the will’s validity. If a will is declared invalid, the property in the estate will pass under the rules of intestacy. The beneficiary may receive a greater amount under these rules.

In Illinois, No Contest Clauses are allowed, but the courts construe them strictly.

One strategy is to leave the person who is to be disinherited enough so that he will be too afraid to risk losing it.

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April 24, 2010

Illinois Probate -- Independent and Supervised Administration

In Illinois, estates can be administered under an Independent Administration or a Supervised Administration.

Unless requested by an interested person to go supervised, an estate is opened as an independent administration. Unlike the supervised administration, the independent administration does not require filing the inventory and accounting with the Court. The inventory and accounting are not subject to view by the Court, and they are not public record. However, they are sent to the beneficiaries for approval.

No Court authority is needed to sell real estate when there is an independent administration, and an independent administration may be converted to a supervised administration at any time by any interested party upon request to the Court.

With a supervised administration, the inventory and accounting are filed with the court and as a result are a matter of public record. The accounting is subject to approval by the judge, including the attorney and fiduciary fees. In addition, the representative needs court approval and personal service on all interested parties to sell real estate.

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April 16, 2010

Estate Planning in Illinois and Avoiding Probate

If there is controversy in an estate, commencing a probate proceeding will provide a forum to resolve the controversy. This is a situation where one may not want to avoid probate.

Opening probate when there is controversy will also provide a forum to the other side. For example, all creditors’ claims are dismissed after two years under the probate act. By opening an estate, the period is shortened to six months, but the creditor is also provided a forum to file his claim. If no estate is opened, it is harder for the creditor to file his claim.

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March 31, 2010

Probate in Illinois and the Personal Representative

The Personal Representative of an estate is responsible for the administration of the estate. If there is a will, he is often referred to as the executor. If there is no will, he is the administrator.

Before the court issues letters of office giving the personal representative all of the powers given to him in the will and given to him by statute, the personal representative can carry out any gift of the decedent’s body, make burial arrangements, pay funeral charges and take acts necessary to preserve the estate.

After appointment by the court as an independent administrator, the personal representative has all of the express and implied powers given to him in the will in addition to many statutory powers including the power to lease, sell or mortgage the personal estate of the decedent and distribute any of the personal estate the sale of which is not necessary; borrow money; continue the decedent’s unincorporated business; perform any contract of the decedent; employ agents, accountants and counsel, including legal and investment counsel; and hold stocks, bonds and other personal property.

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March 26, 2010

Small Estate Affidavits and Illinois Probate

A small estate affidavit may be used in place of a formal estate proceeding (opening an estate before a judge) to collect the decedent’s personal property when the total value of the decedent’s personal property is less than $100,000.

An affidavit must be completed which states the names and addresses of the heirs at law if the decedent died without a will or the beneficiaries’ names and addresses if the decedent had a will. The affiant must state that no estate proceeding before a court is pending nor is one contemplated. He must also state that all funeral expenses have been paid and that there is no known claimant and no known claims against the property. All assets must be listed on the affidavit as well.

No notice is required to heirs, beneficiaries or creditors. The affiant holds harmless all creditors and heirs of the decedent and other persons relying upon the affidavit who suffer a loss because of their reliance.

The affidavit does not need to be filed with the Court.

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March 22, 2010

Roth IRAs and Illinois Estate Planning

As outlined in U.S. News and World Report, Roth IRAs have many appealing characteristics. They grow income tax free. Owners are not required to take minimum distributions at age 70 1/2. The income limit has been removed on Roth conversions, so anyone can convert a regular IRA to a Roth IRA in 2010. If tax rates increase, the benefit to converting now will be even greater.

It is important to remember that it is not your will or trust that determines who will inherit your Roth IRA. Roth IRAs, like all IRAs, include their own beneficiary designation. The owner of the Roth stipulates the beneficiaries of the account. In some cases, it will be the most advantageous to stipulate the owner’s estate or the owner’s trust as the beneficiary. That way, an estate plan including a will and a trust can be further utilized.

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February 15, 2010

Portability of Unused Estate Tax Exemption

Under current law, any estate tax exemption amount that a spouse does not use by the time of his death cannot be used by a surviving spouse and expires upon the first spouse’s death.

Portability, as proposed in the Taxpayer Certainty and Relief Act of 2009, would allow the surviving spouse to be credited with the deceased spouse’s unused exclusion amount.

The Act includes safeguards including provisions which limit the unused exclusion amounts which a surviving spouse of multiple deceased spouses can use. The entire exclusion available to the surviving spouse would be the applicable exclusion amount otherwise available to a decedent.

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February 8, 2010

Illinois Living Will Act

The Illinois Living Will Act has been in effect since 1984. It is based on the common law doctrine of informed consent. This right gives individuals the authority to refuse medical treatment. It also gives individuals the ability to record directions about future medical care should they become terminally ill and unable to communicate their choices. A Living Will can authorize the withdrawal or withholding of medical procedures which delay death for terminally ill patients.

A Living Will is often executed by an individual at the same time he executes a Power of Attorney for Health Care. A Living Will can provide a clear indication of the individual’s wishes to family members who are reluctant to withhold or withdraw medical procedures. In the case where the provisions of a Living Will conflict with a Power of Attorney for Health Care, the Power of Attorney supersedes the Living Will.

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January 26, 2010

Roth IRA Conversions in 2010

In 2010, the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (TIPRA) gets rid of the income ceiling that prevented individuals with modified adjusted gross income in excess of $100,000 from making a qualified rollover to a Roth IRA.

After 2009, any kind of IRA (Individual Retirement Account) can be converted to a Roth IRA, including traditional deductible, nondeductible, rollover and inherited IRAs.

A Roth IRA rollover in 2010 is subject to income tax (payable over two years in 2011 and 2012) because it has not been previously taxed. The distributions are not subject to income tax. The minimum required distribution rules do not apply.

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January 18, 2010

Illinois Powers of Attorney for Health Care

The Illinois Power of Attorney Act includes provisions for powers of attorney for healthcare.

A power of attorney for healthcare allows an individual (Principal) to give another individual (Agent) authority to act on the Principal’s behalf as far as healthcare decisions. The Principal may specify when the Agent has authority to act on his behalf and when this authority ends; the rights, powers, duties, limitations and immunities applicable to the Agent and to all persons dealing with the Agent; and other terms applicable to the Agent.

There is no authority for euthanasia, assisted suicide or any course of action which violates state or federal law. A Principal can impose limitations on the Agent as far as when to withdraw life sustaining treatment, whether certain treatments should be denied based on religious beliefs or an instruction to continue foods and fluids in all circumstances.

Once a court enters a judgment of dissolution of marriage or legal separation between the principal and his or her spouse following the signing of the agency, the spouse is treated as dead for purposes of the Power of Attorney agency at the time of judgment.


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January 15, 2010

Illinois Estate Planning and Power of Attorney for Property

A durable power of attorney for property is executed by an individual when he is competent. The agent is given power to do things that the individual could do whether the individual is now competent or now incompetent. Because it is durable, the power of attorney can still be used after the individual becomes incompetent.

The standard categories of powers that a principal can give his agent are:

1) Real Estate Transactions – allowing the agent to buy, sell, exchange, rent and lease real estate

2) Financial Institution Transactions – allowing the agent to open, close, continue and control all accounts and deposits in any type of financial institution including banks, trust companies, saving and loan associations, credit unions and brokerage firms

3) Stock and Bond Transactions – allowing the agent to buy and sell all types of securities including stocks, bonds, mutual funds and all other types of investment securities and financial instruments

4) Tangible Personal Property Transactions – allowing the agent to buy and sell, lease, exchange, collect, possess and take title to all tangible personal property

5) Safe Deposit Transactions – allowing the agent to open, continue and have access to all safe deposit boxes

6) Insurance and Annuity Transactions – allowing the agent to procure, acquire, continue, renew, terminate or deal with any type of insurance or annuity contract

7) Retirement Plan Transactions – allowing the agent to continue to withdraw from and deposit funds in any type of retirement plan

8) Social Security, Unemployment and Military Service Benefits – allowing the agent to prepare, sign and file a claim or application for Social Security, unemployment or military service benefits

9) Tax Matters – allowing the agent to sign, verify and file all of the principal’s federal, state and local income, gift, estate, property and other tax returns

10) Claims and Litigation – allows the agent to institute, prosecute, defend, abandon, compromise, arbitrate, settle and dispose of any claim in favor of or against the principal or any property interest of the principal

11) Commodity and Option Transactions – allows the agent to buy, sell, exchange, assign, convey, settle and exercise commodities futures contracts and call and put options

12) Business Operations – allows the agent to organize or continue and conduct any business in any form

13) Borrowing Transactions – allows the agent to borrow money, mortgage or pledge any real estate or tangible or intangible personal property

14) Estate Transactions – allows the agent to accept, receipt for, exercise, release, reject, renounce, assign, disclaim, demand, sue for, claim and recover any legacy, bequest, devise, give or other property interest

15) All Other Property Powers and Transactions – allows the agent to exercise any powers of the principal regarding any types of property and interests in property except to the extent limited by the principal by striking out a category on the power of attorney document or including a specific limitation in the power of attorney document

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December 23, 2009

Inheriting a Roth IRA and Your Estate Plan

You can withdraw your original contributions to a Roth at any time. But you must wait five years to avoid paying the tax on earnings on regular contributions.

If you inherit a Roth from your spouse, the taxable period ends either five years after the account was opened by your spouse or five years after the surviving spouse opened his own Roth, whichever is earlier.

A surviving suppose can name his children as equal beneficiaries of the same Roth. It is in the children’s interest to do so. Any heir other than a spouse who treats the Roth account as his own must take the required distributions from the Roth beginning by December 31st of the year after the year of the previous owner’s death. If the children keep the account intact and they want to stretch the withdrawals as long as possible, they are restricted to using the oldest child’s age. However, if they split the account, each sibling can stretch the distributions across his own lifetime. This means younger siblings can spread withdrawals over more years, leaving more assets in the account for a longer time and most likely realizing more tax-free earnings.

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December 18, 2009

Illinois Medicap Coverage In Estate Planning

The components of Medicare are:

1) Part A, mainly hospital coverage;
2) Part B, outpatient coverage; and
3) Part D, drug coverage.

Medigap coverage pays the uncovered portions of most Medicare bills.

There is also Medicare Advantage coverage which provides most of the coverages in items 1), 2), 3) and Medigap coverage combined in one package. When creating your estate plan, medical bills and their coverage by insurance needs to be addressed.

Medigap coverage is important because Medicare is not enough coverage for people with average to above-average medical costs.

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December 8, 2009

Roth IRA Conversions for Estate Plans

Effective January 1, 2010, the income tax limit for transferring assets from a traditional Individual Retirement Account (IRA) to a Roth IRA is permanently dropped. These conversions will be subject to income tax, but future withdrawals (that meet holding requirements) will be tax free.

There are three options for paying income taxes throughout the year and thereby avoiding penalty and interest for underpayment of income tax when the conversion is made:

1) Pay 100% of last year’s tax (110% if your Adjusted Gross Income was over $150,000). Then pay any income tax for a 2010 Roth conversion as part of the 2010 tax return.

2) Pay 90% of the current year’s tax. If a large amount is being converted to a Roth in 2010, this is a way to have less to pay quarterly or have withheld from your paycheck in 2011.

3) Estimate your income each quarter and pay tax on it for that quarter. You can have the tax withheld from your paycheck, make quarterly payments or a combination of both.

Roth IRA conversion will also affect your Illinois Income Tax Return.

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November 23, 2009

Illinois Estate Planners' Checklist

Health Savings Accounts are available for individuals who have high-deductible health plans. In 2009, a plan is considered high deductible if it has an annual deductible of at least $1,150 and annual out-of-pocket expenses that the insured must pay for covered benefits cannot exceed $5,800.

Unlike Flexible Savings Accounts, Health Savings Account holders can carry over balances from year to year until the account holder’s death, and if planned properly, until the account holder’s spouse’s death.

All contributions to, distributions from and income earned in the account are free from federal income tax as long as the assets are used to pay for qualified medical expenses. Depending on the amount contributed and distributed from the account and how long the account has been established, Health Savings Account balances have the potential to be substantial.

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November 9, 2009

Keeping Your Illinois Estate Plan Current

Roth IRAs (Individual Retirement Accounts) allow for tax free withdrawals of both contributions and earnings.

The person who opens a Roth and makes periodic contributions can withdraw those original contributions at anytime without penalty and with no tax owed. The rules are spelled out in IRS Publication 590, “Individual Retirement Arrangements”.

As for earnings, a Roth contributor must wait five years (calculated by the IRS as beginning January 1st of the year for which the first Roth contribution was made) before earnings can be withdrawn tax free. And the Roth contributor must be 59 1/2 years old to avoid the 10% penalty for early withdrawal on the earnings and avoid income tax on the earnings.

The Roth contributor who converts to a Roth (as opposed to opening a Roth as in the preceding paragraph) must hold the assets in the Roth for five years or until he turns 59 1/2, whichever comes first, to make penalty-free withdrawals of the converted amount. The earnings on that converted Roth are treated differently. The converter must hold the Roth for five years to withdraw any earnings tax free. The age 59 1/2 category does not come into play. Fortunately, the withdrawal rules for Roth IRAs provide that any distributions come first from contributions, then from conversions, then from earnings so there is no need to keep separate the conversion amounts from the earnings.

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October 15, 2009

Titling Inherited Individual Retirement Accounts

Estate planning involving inherited Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) can be tricky. Inherited IRAs are different from other IRAs. Only an IRA inherited from a spouse can be rolled into your own IRA. Also, IRAs inherited from different people can not be consolidated into one account.

If you take assets from an inherited IRA and deposited them in your own IRA, all of those inherited IRA assets will be taxable. In addition, you will have to remove any assets you deposited from the inherited IRA which are above your allowed IRA contribution for the year ($5000 if you are under age 50 or $6000 if you are 50 or older) or you will incur further penalties.

It is important to get the titling correct not only on your statements from the IRA custodian, but also on the records your IRA custodian provides to the IRS.

The advantage to retitling the inherited IRA is that you can extend withdrawals from the IRA the length of your lifetime instead of having to withdraw the assets sooner. With an inherited IRA you must make withdrawals every year beginning by December 31 of the year after the original owner’s death.

If you are not happy with the original custodian or investment, you can use a trustee-to-trustee transfer to move the IRA account to another financial institution provided the current IRA custodian allows it.

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September 18, 2009

Financial Guardians for Estate Plans

When children are young and parents have fewer assets than they do now, choosing a guardian means finding a family you want your children to live in the same house with who share your values.

With older children, consideration of their wishes comes into play when choosing a guardian. Choices about where they want to live and personality conflicts are taken into account.

There are also the financial aspects of the guardian’s role which often include the position of trustee of a trust for the benefit of the children. With a testamentary trust, parents can stipulate an age when each child can receive the assets of the trust. Age 25 or 30 is typical. It is also common to see a staggered distribution of one-third at ages 25, 30 and 35.

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September 11, 2009

Illinois Estate Planning and Reverse Mortgages

Reverse mortgages are available to homeowners age 62 and older. There is no minimum income or credit score requirement.

A provision in the economic stimulus package raised the maximum home value that can be counted for reverse mortgages from $417,000 to $625,500. However, the full value of the home is not available to the reverse mortgagor and a formula must be used to determine the amount that is available.

In addition to the regular closing costs, an origination fee of 2% on the first $200,000 of the loan balance will be charged and a 1% fee on any amount above $200,000 will be added. Also, a mortgage insurance premium of about 2% and a monthly service charge fee will be included.

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August 15, 2009

Illinois Will Drafting for Parents

When a parent prepares a will, keeping distributions even among the children has advantages.

It is impossible to determine what one’s children will be doing in the future and what their incomes will be. The child who is a successful computer analyst today, might be out of work in five years and the actor now bussing tables may get his big break next year.

Gifts can be made as needed to children while you are alive and can afford it. For example, a child with children can be helped with college expenses by contributing to the grandchild’s 529 college savings plan. The IRS allows the equivalent of five years’ worth of gifts to be made all at once. Accordingly, one grandparent can give $65,000 per grandchild. Both grandparents can give $130,000 per grandchild.

On the other hand, a disabled child who is not independent will likely require a bigger share of the parent’s assets. A special needs trust can be utilized to get the maximum advantage from a gift by a parent or grandparent by keeping the gift from affecting eligibility of the disabled child for government programs and payments

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July 18, 2009

Illinois Charitable Giving in Estate Planning

An excellent way to donate to a charity is through a traditional IRA.

Ordinarily, if you designate someone as the beneficiary of your IRA, he would owe income tax on the withdrawals and the value of the IRA would be included in your estate for tax purposes. But if you name a charity as the beneficiary, the charity would owe no tax on the withdrawals and you could reduce the taxes your estate would pay.

This strategy should not be applied to a Roth IRA because a Roth is funded with after tax dollars and whoever withdraws the funds will not have to pay income tax on the withdrawals.

If you prefer to give the funds to charity now, through the end of 2009 you can transfer up to $100,000 directly to a charity as long as you are 70 1/2 or older. You cannot claim a tax deduction for the contribution, but you will not owe income tax on the withdrawal.

Another option is a charitable remainder trust. The assets in the trust pay you an income for a specified number of years or for your lifetime. After the trust matures, the assets are distributed to the charity you designate. There is a requirement that at least 10% of the funds you put in the trust go to the charity.

The advantages of a charitable remainder trust are that you can take an immediate tax deduction based on the present value of the gift that the charity will receive; you get a fixed income stream of at least 5% of the trust’s value each year; and you can move assets that have appreciated in value and sell them in the trust without incurring capital gains taxes.


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June 20, 2009

Timing Your Estate Planning

Couples can give up to $26,000 per year without incurring any gift taxes. Singles are allowed up to $13,000 per year.

Because the federal estate tax exclusion is $3.5 million this year, taxes are not a concern for many people. A bigger concern is if your assets will be enough to last for the rest of your life. If you are a 65-year-old retiree and estimate you will need to draw $60,000 (adjusted for inflation) from your investments to maintain your standard of living, you will need about $1.5 set aside for yourself.

To hedge against the likely possibility that Congress will lower the federal estate tax exclusion, possibly as low as $1 million, gifting now will achieve that result. Now is an ideal time to give gifts of depreciated stock. For example, if you own American Express stock which sold for over $60 in June of 2007 and today sells for $25, you can give more than twice as much American Express stock today without triggering a gift tax as you could two years ago.

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May 29, 2009

Common Mistakes in Estate Planning

The following are typical mistakes people make when planning their estates:

• They have an outdated plan
• They have no will or an outdate will
• They rely on joint tenancy as a tool, especially children as joint tenants
• They incorrectly title an asset so an unintended beneficiary receives the asset
• They designate an inappropriate beneficiary for IRA accounts, insurance policies and retire benefits
• They fail to provide for a successor in interest if a primary beneficiary dies first or disclaims the gift
• They fail to provide for a guardian for themselves in the event of disability
• They rely on outdated or stale powers of attorney
• They do not properly coordinate their will and their trust or have no trust at all
• They fail to consider Medicaid planning

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May 9, 2009

Making a Will in Illinois

The ability to make a will involves the issue of mental capacity.

In Illinois, there is a presumption that every man is sane until the contrary is proven and the burden is upon him who asserts the lack of testamentary capacity. In other words, everyone is presumed to have the mental capacity to make a valid will. It is up to the person challenging the validity of the will to prove otherwise.

Illinois courts also recognize that someone who suffers from some mental impairment can still have testamentary capacity. There is a case where a 74 year old woman executed a will after she was diagnosed with senile dementia and had the intelligence level of a 12 year old child. Despite these short comings, she read newspapers, was aware of and interested in current events, knew her relatives and asked about their well being and could transact business. The court ruled that she had the capacity to execute a valid will.

In summary, Illinois law requires three things for someone to have the mental capacity to make a valid will:

1) He must know who his spouse, children, grandchildren and other relatives are;
2) He must generally understand what assets he owns; and
3) He must be able to form a plan in his head regarding how he wants his property distributed.

Continue reading "Making a Will in Illinois" »

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March 30, 2009

Illinois Estate Planning – Avoiding Probate

When considering how to minimize or avoid the time and expense of going to court and becoming involved in the probate process, it is important to be familiar with the distinction between probate and non-probate property.

Upon death, an individual’s assets are divided into two categories: probate property and non-probate property. Those assets which are non-probate property bypass the probate process. Examples are real estate held in joint tenancy, insurance policies payable to a named beneficiary (other than the estate), IRA accounts, Keogh plans, 401(k) plans and pension and profit sharing plans.

Another asset which is non-probate in Illinois is real estate held by a land trust. A separate agreement is entered into which provides that the trustee holds title to the property and the beneficiary has a power of direction over the trustee and the right to receive the earnings, avails and proceeds of the property. It can be provided in the agreement, that upon the death of the beneficiary, his interest passes to a particular person thereby avoiding probate.

In addition, bank accounts can be set up in a way that avoids probate. These accounts are P.O. D. (payable on death) accounts to which a named beneficiary has the right to the balance in the account upon the death of the account holder. The beneficiary presents a certified copy of the death certificate of the account holder to receive the balance in the account.

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March 24, 2009

Illinois Long-Term-Care Estate Planning

Like all insurance policies, Long-Term-Care insurance policies require a good deal of research before they are entered into. Often different insurance companies offer coverages that at first glance appear similar, but upon closer examination are very different.

A recent Wall Street Journal article titled, Insurer Casts Off Long-Term-Care Policies written by M.P. McQueen references seven ways to protect yourself before signing up for a long term care policy.

First, look into the stability of the premium payments. Long-term-care policy premiums are not like life insurance policy premiums which remain constant. Long-term-care policies can rise unexpectedly. It is often the case that large insurers which are financially stable and have high credit and financial strength ratings initially charge a higher premium but the premiums increase very little over the years.

Second, know how much the policy will cover in daily costs. Because the daily cost of nursing home expenses varies widely from state to state, it is important to know if the policy will cover the costs in your state.

Third, be aware that the length of coverage is limited. Coverage for a lifetime is difficult to obtain and very expensive. Policies covering two to four years are typical. It is unlikely that a nursing home stay will exceed four years.

Fourth, be aware that many policies require you to pay for the first three months of care before the policy takes over. If you want to shorten or eliminate paying for the first three months, the cost of the premium will increase.

Fifth, seek built-in inflation protection which increases at a rate approximating the increase in care costs. This rate should be well above the current rate of inflation.

Sixth, look into expense-incurred benefits. This is additional money paid directly to you or the care provider to reimburse for eligible costs up to a daily benefit maximum.

Finally, look into indemnity benefits. Although this coverage is more expensive, it is often worth the cost as it provides cash to you to cover costs which are not always eligible expenses.

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March 9, 2009

Probate Law Regarding Beneficiaries

A recent holding by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kennedy, executrix of the estate of Kennedy, deceased v. Plan Administrator for DuPont Savings and Investment Plan, et al. makes clear the importance of keeping on top of estate planning matters.

In that case, a divorced father did not take all of the steps necessary to change with his pension plan the name of the beneficiary of his plan. When he died, the pension plan paid all of the benefits to the person named as the beneficiary. That person was his ex-wife. The father's estate sued, claiming that it should have received the benefit because the ex-wife had waived her right to receive the benefit.

The law in that state held that a divorce ends the right of a spouse to an interest in the other spouse's pension benefits.

The trial court ruled that the estate should receive the benefit. The 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and ruled that the ex-wife should receive the benefit. The U.S. Supreme Court confirmed.

When naming beneficiaries, it's good to keep the following in mind:

1) It's easy to change beneficiaries. Most financial firms make copies available online or you can call and ask for them. The forms are simple. Once completed, it is good to make a copy of the form after submitting it and include the form with other estate planning documents;

2) Name an alternate beneficiary. This addresses the situation where the primary beneficiary dies before you do. It also provides for the instance where the primary beneficiary disclaims the interest.

3) Your will has no effect regarding who receives accounts with beneficiary designations like IRAs, 401(k)s, insurance policies and annuities. You must designate a beneficiary on the account's forms. If you don't designate a beneficiary, the account will be distributed according to state rules on distribution.

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February 21, 2009

The Role of Representative in Illinois Probate

A personal representative is the individual who handles the matters of an estate as it makes its way through the probate process. If there is a will, the personal representative is the executor. If there is no will, the personal representative is the administrator.

The personal representative has specific powers even before the Probate Court issues his Letters of Office. He can carry out any gift the decedent has made of his body; arrange the burial of the decedent; make payment of funeral charges; and take acts necessary to preserve the estate.

After his Letters of Office are issued, the representative can exercise all powers given to him in the will. In addition, the representative can lease, sell or mortgage the estate’s property; borrow money with or without security; continue the decedent’s unincorporated business; perform any contract of the decedent; and take possession, administer and grant possession of the decedent’s real estate.

For a complete list of powers of a representative, check out 755 ILCS 5/, which is the Illinois Probate Act.

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February 13, 2009

New IRA Law Affects Mandatory Withdrawals

Hoping to give investors a chance for their accounts to recover from the losses incurred in 2008, Congress recently suspended the law requiring owners of IRAs and 401(k)s who are over age 70 1/2, and those who have inherited such accounts, to make a minimum withdrawal in 2009. But this simple idea -- a one year break from required withdrawals -- is turning out to be not so simple in its execution.

The particulars are set out in the Wall Street Journal article New IRA Law Bewilders Investors. Problems are arising because the IRS and the Treasury Department haven't provided adequate guidance.

401(k) plan sponsors must get approval from the federal government for their plan documents. These sponsors fear that their suspension of payments will violate their documents and feel compelled to get government approval before enacting any suspension of payments. This government approval is not something quick and easy to come by.

The article includes the following advice:

1) Contact your IRA custodian or the administrator of your 401(k) directly and ask what steps are needed to suspend distributions in 2009;

2) Regarding 2010, ask the custodian or administrator what steps are needed to get the automatic distributions started again; and

3) You may want to roll your traditional IRA assets into a Roth IRA so that in the future you have no required distributions or taxes on future earnings.

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February 11, 2009

Estate Planning Investment Strategy

For those of us who find the stock market far more interesting than politics, there's a great book by Joel Greenblatt, The Little Book That Beats The Market, (2006, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-73306-7), which provides a proven method for picking stocks which will outperform the Dow . . . and then some.

This is a method which takes the earnings yield (earnings per share divided by price per share) and the return on capital (net operating profit divided by invested capital) for every stock listed on all of the U.S. stock exchanges. These two numbers are used to rank stocks according to those with the best combined earnings yield and return on capital.

It sounds simple, and it is. Plus, you can go to Mr. Greenblatt's website, and the calculations have already been made for you. All you choose is the minimum market capitalization size of the companies.

The most difficult part, as Mr. Greengblatt points out, is sticking with the system. You must be willing to stay with the formula and keep reinvesting using the formula year in and year out.

It's everything I am looking for as an investor -- a proven system with understandable parameters that allows me to choose from a selection of individual stocks. And as we all know, one of the few ways to get a return on your investment that will exceed what inflation and taxes take away is to invest in the stock market. Anyone serious about preserving wealth of any size and planning an estate of any size must develop and implement a winning investment strategy.

February 11, 2009

Estate Planning Investment Strategy

For those of us who find the stock market far more interesting than politics, there's a great book by Joel Greenblatt, The Little Book That Beats The Market, (2006, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-73306-7), which provides a proven method for picking stocks which will outperform the Dow . . . and then some.

This is a method which takes the earnings yield (earnings per share divided by price per share) and the return on capital (net operating profit divided by invested capital) for every stock listed on all of the U.S. stock exchanges. These two numbers are used to rank stocks according to those with the best combined earnings yield and return on capital.

It sounds simple, and it is. Plus, you can go to Mr. Greenblatt's website, and the calculations have already been made for you. All you choose is the minimum market capitalization size of the companies.

The most difficult part, as Mr. Greengblatt points out, is sticking with the system. You must be willing to stay with the formula and keep reinvesting using the formula year in and year out.

It's everything I am looking for as an investor -- a proven system with understandable parameters that allows me to choose from a selection of individual stocks. And as we all know, one of the few ways to get a return on your investment that will exceed what inflation and taxes take away is to invest in the stock market. Anyone serious about preserving wealth of any size and planning an estate of any size must develop and implement a winning investment strategy.

January 16, 2009

Federal Estate Tax Law to Change

In his article in The Wall Street Journal titled Obama Plans to Keep Estate Tax, Jonathan Weisman points out that President-elect Barack Obama and congressional leaders plan to retain the estate tax instead of allowing it to expire as scheduled in 2010.

Under the new plan, the estate tax would be locked in at the 2009 rate and exemption levels. This would mean that estates of $3.5 million ($7 million for couples) would be exempt from the estate tax. The value of the estate which exceeds $3.5 million would be subject to a tax of 45%.

If the tax were returned to the levels before the change in the tax law in 2001, the tax would exempt only $1 million with the excess over $1 million taxed at 55%.

The Obama plan could be looked at as a compromise position. It imposes a limit on exemptions from estate tax ($3.5 million) while at the same time it keeps the exemption at a level high enough that fewer than two percent of annual deaths would be subject to the estate tax.

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December 19, 2008

Steps for Illinois Heirs

The first three steps which should be taken after the death of a loved one are to make the funeral arrangements, secure the house and find the important papers. In her article in The Wall Street Journal titled "Steps for Heirs to Take After a Death", Jilian Mincer discusses why these three steps are so important.

After the funeral has taken place, family members should secure the home if it is now empty. Changing the locks and adding a buglar alarm should be considered. Valuables such as jewelry should be moved to a safe deposit box or some other secure place. If items are moved, however, a list should be kept of where things were. This might be needed if the deceased's will identifies objects by location. For example, the will may say that gold jewelry in the top dresser drawer goes to a specific person.

The third step is to find the important papers. These are the most recent will, stock certificates, investment account information and insurance policies. It is sometimes helpful to look at the most recent tax return for references to assets of the estate. In addition, if the deceased was working, check with the employer regarding benefits like life insurance policies and 401(k) plans. Also, ask the funeral director for 10 certified copies of the death certificate which will be needed when transferring stocks and other assets and when filing for life insurance proceeds.

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November 6, 2008

Letters of Guidance for Illinois Estate Planners

It is sometimes the little things that count for a great deal where estate planning is involved.

A recent Wall Street Journal article by Rachel Emma Silverman titled "An Estate Plan Built for Special Needs" has this to say about the importance of attention to detail regarding the creation of a guidance letter to be included among the estate planning documents for an individual with special needs:

“It’s also smart to create a ‘letter of guidance’, a document spelling out everything another caregiver should know about their child’s special needs, including medical diagnosis, treatment and medications, specific likes and dislikes, and food preferences or aversions. ‘You know things about your children that no one else on this earth knows’, says Michael Gilfix, a Palo Alto, Calif. lawyer who does a lot of special-needs planning. ‘This includes little things, like what breakfast food makes them happy or what breakfast food makes them really angry’.

Ms. Valentine, a client of Mr. Gilfix, recently wrote a letter of guidance for her son, Gabe. The document describes how Gabe is a huge San Francisco Giants fan, so any caregiver should make sure he gets tickets to home games. He doesn’t like ice cream or cake, but likes pizza. His epilepsy medication affects his teeth, so the letter recommends that he get his teeth cleaned regularly. ‘He actually loves the dentist’, she says.”

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October 15, 2008

Weird Last Requests in Wills

In her article "When it comes to wills, how strange can you get?", Erline Andrews tells of a woman from Beverly Hills, California who stipulated in her will that she was to be dressed in her favorite nightgown and burried in her Ferrari. There is also the man from Springfield, Oregon who included a provision in his will stipulating that his skin was to be tanned like leather and used to bind a poetry book he had written.

Regardless of the request, there is nothing preventing someone from including that request among the provisions of his will. Whether those provisions are enforceable is another matter. A California court refused to enforce a provision in a will by a woman who ordered that her dog be put down after she died so that the dog would be saved the pain of living on after his beloved owner died. The request violated a law regarding the treatment of animals.

The best advice when deciding what to put in your will is to give the matter a good deal of thought. Give the attorney drafting your will as much information as you can regarding members of your family, all of your assets and how you would like those assets to be distributed in light of all the circumstances you are aware of. The more information you give to your attorney, the more options he can give you to maximize the benefit to those individuals you care most about.

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October 14, 2008

Illinois Probating Insolvent Estates

If a husband dies with many unpaid debts, it is often tempting for the surviving wife to want to do nothing regarding opening a probate estate. She may feel that there are more debts than assets, so why get into it. However, there is good reason to pursue probating an insolvent estate.

The Illinois Probate Act addresses the situation where the debts and claims of an estate exceed the estate’s assets.

At Section 18-13 of the Probate Act, a determination of the priority of payment is set out. That Section provides that the estate shall pay all claims in order of their classification. The classification of claims is provided in Section 18-10 and reads as follows:

(1) Funeral and burial expenses, expenses of administration, and statutory custodial claims.
(2) The surviving spouse’s or child’s award.
(3) Debts due the Untied States.
(4) Money due employees of the decedent of not more than $800.00 for each claimant for services rendered within four months prior to the decedent’s death and expenses attending the last illness.
(5) Money and property received or held in trust by decedent which cannot be identified or traced.
(6) Debts due this State and any county, township, city, town, village or school district located within this State.
(7) All other claims. (General Creditors.)

In other words, a surviving spouse may pay the costs of the funeral and burial, the attorney’s fees and is entitled to receive a minimum of $10,000 for herself and a minimum of $5,000 for each child -- all before any creditor is entitled to payment. The creditors are entitled to receive a fractional share of whatever is left in the estate after the earlier claims have been paid.

The surviving spouse should bear in mind that if she does not open en estate because of the various claims that would be filed and charged against the estate, Section 9-3(j) of the Act gives creditors of the decedent the right to petition for Letters of Office and open the estate if the spouse or others designated with authority to do so will not.

In other words, if the wife doesn't open an estate because of the claims against it, the creditors very well might. This provision provides even more reason for the surviving spouse to open the probate estate despite its insolvency.

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October 1, 2008

Estate Planning for Fido

Few dogs are lucky enough to be left $12 million by their owners like Leona Hemsley’s Maltese named Trouble. But this doesn’t mean that your pet can’t be provided for when you consider how you want your possessions to be handled in your will.

In Heirs to the Bone – Estate Planning for Pets written by Attorney Frances Carlisle, Ms. Carlisle gives several options to individuals drafting wills and looking to have their pet cared for when they, the pet owners, are no longer around.

Number 1: Make a gift of your pet to someone who will be its caretaker after you die and then have your attorney include a provision in your will leaving the animal to that person. Leave money for expenses the new owner will incur caring for the pet.

Number 2: In your will, give your executor discretion to choose from several people to take your pet. Also give your executor discretion to find a suitable adoptive home in the event there is no one who is willing and able to care for the pet.

Number 3: Make arrangements with a local animal rescue and placement charity to take your pet after you die and find a home for the pet. Name the charity in your will and leave money to the charity.

It is important to include a statement in your will that you are bequeathing all of the animals owned by you at your death. If you name a specific animal in your will, other animals you own will not be covered.

Creating a trust for your pet is another option available to pet owners. The applicable Illinois statute, Ill. Comp. Stat. 760 ILCS5/15.2 which became effective on January 1, 2005, specifically states, “A trust for the care of one or more designated domestic or pet animals is valid”.

You can create a trust which is in existence while you are alive or you can create a trust that comes into existence upon your death. The advantage of creating a trust while you are alive, an inter vivos trust, is that you will have arrangements ready should you be incapacitated or have to go into a nursing home.

Estate planning by pet owners insures that their pets will continue to enjoy a happy life after the owner is no longer around.

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September 29, 2008

Illinois Court Appoints Unrelated Estate Administrator

A recent Illinois decision makes it clear that an individual unrelated to the person who died (the decedent), may be appointed by the court to serve as administrator of the estate.

In re Estate of Gage, ____ Ill. App. 3d _____, _____ N.E.2d ____, 2008 Ill. App. Lexis ____ (First District, 2008) involves a man with three children, whose mother he never married, who died without a will. The man’s sister petitioned the court to serve as administrator of his estate. The mother of the man’s three children also petitioned the court to serve as administrator.

The court appointed the mother as administrator based on the language of Article IX, Section 9-3 of the Probate Act which specifically gives the children of the decedent priority over the sister of the decedent as far as entitlement to obtain issuance of letters of administration. The court pointed to the language of the Probate Act which states:

“Only a person qualified to act as administrator under this Act may nominate, except that the guardian of the estate, if any, otherwise the guardian of the person, of a person who is not qualified to act as administrator solely because of minority or legal disability may nominate on behalf of the minor or disabled person in accordance with the order of preference set forth in this Section.”

In this case, the mother was the guardian of the three children and as such, the court ruled, had authority to nominate herself as administrator. The court further ruled that because the mother made her nomination on behalf of the decedent’s children, her nomination had priority over that of the sister of the decedent.

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September 26, 2008

Illinois Joint Tenancy Law Liberalized

The Fifth Circuit recently handed down a ruling liberalizing the creation of and the termination of rights of parties who hold title to property as joint tenants.

In the case of Sathoff v. Sutter, 373 Ill. 3d App. 795, 869 N.E.2d 354 (Fifth District, 2007), the parties involved were an individual and a couple. The three acquired title in 1981 as joint tenants. After fifteen years, the couple sought to hold title as joint tenants only as between themselves. In 1996, they executed a deed conveying title to themselves as joint tenants.

The husband died first. Then the wife died. The third joint tenant claimed that he was now the owner of the entire interest in the property. His argument was that the 1996 conveyance failed to create a joint tenancy because the Joint Tenancy Act does not allow an existing owner to be a sole grantee in a conveyance. The executor of the wife’s estate took exception. He claimed that by virtue of the deed executed in 1996, the third joint tenant owned only an undivided one-third interest as a tenant in common and that the estate owned the other two-thirds interest.

The Fifth Circuit affirmed the trial court which held in favor of the executor. The reasoning was based on a view that the Joint Tenancy Act calls for courts to adopt a more liberal view regarding transactions of this nature. The court ruled that the deed the couple executed in 1996 conveying title to themselves effectively severed the joint tenancy created between them and the third person. It also ruled that the 1996 deed created a valid joint tenancy as between the couple regarding their two-thirds interest in the property. Accordingly, the estate held title to the two-thirds interest. The single individual owned his one-third share as a tenant in common.

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September 24, 2008

Wills, Trusts and Descendants

A 2007 case from New York, In the Matter of Martin B., 17 Misc. 3d 198; 841 N.Y.S.2d 207 (N.Y. Surr.; 2007) involves a man who was married, had no children, and before he died, donated his semen to a laboratory. The man's father made provisions in a trust for all of his issue and descendants. Years after the son died, the son's widow underwent in vitro fertilization and gave birth to two boys, both conceived with the semen from her deceased husband.

The issue arose as to whether these two grandchildren, born after their father's death but conceived with his semen, were considered descendants under the terms of the trust established by the grandfather.

The New York court held as follows:

Finally, we turn to the instruments presently before the court. Although it cannot be said that in 1969 the Grantor contemplated that his "issue" or "descendants" would include children who were conceived after his son's death, the absence of specific intent should not necessarily preclude a determination that such children are members of the class of issue. Indeed, it is noted that the Restatement of Property suggests that "[u]nless language or circumstances indicate that the transferor had a different intention, a child of assisted reproduction [be] treated
for class-gift purposes as a child of a person who consented to function as a parent to the child and who functioned in that capacity or was prevented from doing so by an event such as death or incapacity" (Restatement [Third] of Property [Wills and Other Donative Transfers] 14.8 [Tenative Draft No. 4 204]).

The rationale of the Restatement, Matter of Anonymous and section 73 of the Domestic Relations Law should be applied here, namely, if an individual considers a child to be his or her own son, society through its laws should do so as well. It is noted that a similar rationale was endorsed by our State's highest court with respect to the beneficial interests of adopted children (Matter of Park, 15 N.Y.2d 413, 207 N.E.2d 859, 260 N.Y.S.2d 169). Accordingly, in the instant case, these post-conceived infants should be treated as part of their father's family for all purposes. Simply put, where a governing instrument is silent, children born of this new biotechnology with the consent of their parent are entitled to the same rights "for all purposes as those of a natural child" (id., at 418).

Although James probably assumed that any children born as a result of the use of his preserved semen would share in his family's trust, his intention is not controlling here. For purposes of determining the beneficiaries of these trusts, the controlling factor is the Grantor's intent as gleaned from a reading of the trust agreements (see, Matter of Fabbri, 2 N.Y.2d 236, 140 N.E.2d 269, 159 N.Y.S. 184; Matter of Larkin, 9 N.Y.2d 88, 172 N.E.2d 555, 211 N.Y.S.2d 175, Jewell v. Graham, 24 F2d 257, 57 App D.C. 391; O'Connell v Riggs National Bank, 475 A.2d 405). Such instruments provide that upon the death of the Grantor's wife, the trust fund would benefit his sons and their families equally. In view of such overall dispositive scheme, a sympathetic reading of these instruments warrants the conclusion that the Grantor intended all members of his bloodline to receive their share.

One thought that may be taken from this case is that there is a long list of things to consider when one creates a will or a trust. Deciding if a descendant who may not be conceived for another 50 years should receive a portion of the estate needs to be added to that list.

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